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Orange Riots
The Orange riots took place in Manhattan, New York City in 1870 and 1871, and involved violent conflict between Irish Protestants, called "Orangemen", and Irish Catholics, along with the New York City Police Department and the New York State National Guard.
==Background==
On July 12, 1870 a parade was held in Manhattan by Irish Protestants celebrating the victory at the Battle of the Boyne of William III, the King of England and Prince of Orange, over James II. The parade route was up Eighth Avenue to Elm Park 〔The grounds of the Apthorpe Mansion, see ("The Lost 1764 Apthorpe Mansion" )〕 at 92nd Street,〔 and as they went the participants taunted Irish Catholic residents of Hell's Kitchen and others, many of whom followed the parade and returned the harassment. At the park, the crowd of 200 hecklers was joined by a group of 300 Irish laborers working in the neighborhood, and together they attacked the Protestants. Although the police intervened to quell the fighting, 8 people died as a result of the riot.〔Burrows & Wallace, pp.1003-1008〕〔Gilmore, p.866〕
The following year, the Loyal Order of Orange requested police permission to march again, but, fearing another violent incident, the parade was banned by the city's police commissioner, James J. Kelso, with the support of Boss William M. Tweed, the head of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine which controlled the city and the state. Catholic Archbishop John McCloskey applauded the decision, but Protestants objected, as did newspaper editorials in the ''Herald'' and ''Times'', a petition signed by Wall Street businessmen, and a cartoon by Thomas Nast in ''Harper's''. Not only was the ban felt to be giving in to the bad behavior of a Catholic mob, but fears were voiced about the growing political power of Irish Catholics, the increasing visibility of leftish Irish nationalism in the city, and the possibility of a radical political action such as occurred in Paris with the Commune.〔
The pressure generated by these concerns among the city's elite, on top of pressure from good-government reformers against Tweed's regime in general, caused Tammany to reverse course and allow the march;〔 Tammany needed to show that it could control the immigrant Irish population which formed a major part of its electoral power.〔 Governor John T. Hoffman, a Tammany man, rescinded the police commissioner's ban, and ordered that the paraders be protected by the city police and the state militia,〔 including cavalry.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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